What's the Word?

There must be a word—although I do not know what it is—to define a metaphorical term whose meaning has supplanted the literal meaning of the original.  There are plenty of these words in English.  A few examples are:

Mortarboard—Chances are the first thing you think of when you hear this word is a flat academic hat—not a mason’s tool for holding a gooey building material.  Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, published in 2007,  even lists the academic hat as the primary meaning.  Webster’s New International of 1949, however, says a flat board with a handle for holding mortar should go first, with the hat in second place. I conclude that this shift in primary meaning has taken place over a half-century.

Warhorse—Most people think first of a veteran public official or an overdone artistic work before settling on the original meaning, a horse used in battle.

Beanpole—A tall thin person comes to mind before a wooden stick for a bean vine to grow on.

Blockbuster—Originally this was a bomb so powerful it could blow up a city block, but now it’s primarily a production of some sort that is extravagant and spectacular.

Melting Pot—This term has been used so often to describe the diverse society of the United States that hardly anyone would now think it meant a crucible in which to dissolve substances over high heat.

Barn Burner—Very few barns actually go up in flames when this term is used; instead it refers to something that arouses a great deal of excitement.

Spare Tire—Okay, which do you think of first—that Goodyear radial in the trunk or that extra layer of fat around the tummy?

Nest Egg—Which is it—an egg left in a nest to induce a hen to lay more (original meaning) or a sum of money saved for a rainy day?  I’ll bet you think first of the latter.

I’m sure there must be many more such terms that have virtually lost their original definition and now primarily denote their metaphorical meaning.  Now all I have to do is find out what to call them.

The Bard of Buffalo Bayou (who has been uncharacterstically dormant for a blessed while) has bestirred himself (having thought he heard the tinkle of ice cubes) to regurgitate a few lines of gibberish. 

            A Broadway composer, who thought anything goes,  

            At a college commencement soon started to doze,

            For alas, one address by a man in a mortarboard,

            I have to confess, left poor old Cole Porter bored.

                 

Would I Lie?

Yes, I know the “Lie-Lay” Train has left the station without me on it, but two recent misuses of these verbs were so egregious that I cannot forbear making a last-ditch effort. The cases in point:

1. The Houston Chronicle, the backbone of the Hearst newspaper empire, reported that the “body of Mrs. Bush will lay in state at St. Martin’s Episcopal Church.”

2. A few days later, a CNN on-line item related that the passengers on a Southwest Airlines plane, trying to rescue a woman sucked through a window when an engine blew out, “grabbed her and lay her on the floor.”

Those two usages, mirror opposites of each other in their wrongness, sound so painfully offensive to the ear that it’s difficult to imagine anyone, let alone a professional writer of the English language, thinking they were right. O, copy editors, where art thou?

One more time, allow me to point out:

In the present (or future) tense, lie means to “repose or recline, to be prone or supine.” (There’s a little mnemonic rhyme.) It also means simply to “be situated.” Mrs. Bush’s body will lie in state.

The past tense of lie is lay. Mrs. Bush’s body lay in state last week.

The past participle of lie is lain. Many important people have lain in state before they were buried.

OK, now then: lay in the present (or future) tense is an entirely different word. It means to “put or to place something.” The key here is “something.” Lay in the present (or future) tense requires an object. The rescuers are going to lay the woman on the floor.

The past tense of lay is laid. The passengers laid the woman on the floor.

The past participle of lay is also laid. The rescuers have laid the woman on the floor and are now back in their seats.

Of course, everyone knows—I pray I am correct—that lie, meaning to “tell an untruth,” comes from an entirely different root and has nothing to do with the words we are discussing. (This lie's past and past participle is lied.)

‘Nough said?

The Bard of Buffalo Bayou thinks he never says enough, and so he relentlessly offers this verse, which will be of no help whatsoever in remembering whether to use lie, lay, or laid.

            I was laid up, so I lay down           

            To lie low while I was sick.

            My boss rang up to lay me off,

            And I laid it on quite thick.

           

            But still my boss laid into me--

            That made me worse, no doubt.

            Now on my tomb, engraved, you’ll see:

            “Laid up, laid low, laid off, laid out.”

Dibs on Nibs

Not many readers, I expect, will recall the pop-jazz singer of the 1940s and 1950s who was invariably introduced as “Her Nibs, Miss Georgia Gibbs.” It was a nickname conferred on her by the radio host Garry Moore, playing on the common phrase “His Nibs,” a satirical title of honor for a person of self-importance.

No longer much in use, “His Nibs” first appeared in 1821 and its origin, according to all the etymological experts, is obscure.  Clearly, it is not related to nib in the singular, which is a variant of neb, and means either a “beak” or a “pen point.” It derives from the Old Norse nef (“beak”). 

More likely, “His Nibs” had its origin in nabob, a word that came from the Hindi navāb and Urdu nawāb, which are words for a provincial governor of the Mogul Empire in India and, hence, a “person of great wealth and power.”

Nabob also gave us nob, which appeared in 1703, a slang term for a person of the upper class. San Francisco’s Nob Hill, was named for four such persons, the railroad tycoons Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins, Charles Crocker, and Collis Huntington, who built mansions there.

Another variant also probably descended from nabob is nabs, dating from 1790, and used with a possessive as a jocular designation of an important person, i.e. “His Nabs.”

Georgia Gibbs was born Frieda Lipschitz in 1919 in Worcester, Massachusetts, and became known, first as Fredda Gibson and then as Georgia Gibbs, as a singer whose hits included “If I Knew You Were Coming I’d Have Baked a Cake,“ “Kiss of Fire,” and “Dance With Me, Henry.”  She died in 2006 at the age of 87.

His Nibs, The Bard of Buffalo Bayou, would like to hobnob with nabobs, but most of them prefer to avoid him.

                  I once had a pal who was known as His Nibs,

                  And he could not abide anyone who told fibs.

                                    If someone strayed from the truth

                                    He would say, “That’s uncouth!”

                  And poke the offender quite hard in the ribs.

                  If His Nibs were around in 2018,

                  And tuned to Fox News on the big TV screen,

                                    When he heard all the inanity

                                    Of Carlson, Ingraham, and Hannity,

                  There’d more aching ribs than you’ve ever seen. 

Bar Talk

Normally, I don’t like to steal material from other writers to use in this blog.  Well, that’s not entirely true; I steal a lot, but I usually try to disguise the theft. In this case, however, I’m reprinting verbatim a very clever Facebook post, whose author is anonymous, but nonetheless deserves to stand up and take a bow.

Herewith, a few variations on the “man walks into a bar” jokes:

            A dangling participle walks into a bar. Enjoying a cocktail and chatting with the bartender, the evening passes pleasantly.

            A bar was walked into by the passive voice.

            An oxymoron walked into a bar, and the silence was deafening.

            Two quotation marks walk into a “bar.”

            A malapropism walks into a bar, looking for all intensive purposes like a wolf in cheap clothing, muttering epitaphs and casting dispersions on his magnificent other, who takes him for granite.

            Hyperbole totally rips into this insane bar and absolutely destroys everything.

            A non sequitur walks into a bar. In a strong wind, even turkeys can fly.

            A mixed metaphor walks into a bar, seeing the handwriting on the wall but hoping to nip it in the bud.

            A comma splice walks into a bar, it has a drink and then leaves.

            Three intransitive verbs walk into a bar. They sit. They converse. They depart.

            A synonym strolls into a tavern.

            At the end of the day, a cliché walks into a bar -- fresh as a daisy, cute as a button, and sharp as a tack.

            A run-on sentence walks into a bar it starts flirting. With a cute little sentence fragment.

            The conditional and the subjunctive would walk into a bar, if it were possible.

            A misplaced modifier walks into a bar owned a man with a glass eye named Ralph.

            The past, present, and future walked into a bar. It was tense.

            An Oxford comma walks into a bar, where it spends the evening watching the television getting drunk and smoking cigars.

            A simile walks into a bar, as parched as a desert.

            A gerund and an infinitive walk into a bar, drinking to forget.

The Bard of Buffalo bayou walks into a bar every chance he gets.  When he comes out, he’s usually staggering and clutching a sheaf of dubious verses, such as:

             A florist walked into a bar,

            And said, “I’ll have two Buds.”

            A laundress who was with him said,

            “Just pour me up some suds.”

            “On second thought,” the laundress said,

            “Make that a cup of Cheer.”

            And then an undertaker said,

            “I think I’ll have a bier.”           

            An optician walked into the bar

            And said, “I’d like two glasses.”

            A fisherman then said, “I want

            Some ale—make that two Basses.”

            A milkman walked into the bar,

            And said, “I’ll take a quart.”

            A sailor right behind him said,

            “I’m really into port.”

            A cotton farmer in the bar

            Remarked, “I need a gin.”

            A census-taker then came in

            And asked for Mickey Finn.

            A contortionist squeezed in

            And called out, “Bottom’s up!”

            Omar Khayyam came in then

            And wrote, “Come fill the cup.”

            A gunman walked into the bar

            And said, “I’ll take a shot.”

            A realtor scanned the drink list and

            Declared, “I’ll have the lot.”

Oscar and Tony and Emmy and Grammy

 The Grammy Awards aired the other night on television, to be followed in a month or so by the Oscars, then the Tonys, and, finally, in September, the Emmys. This makes me wonder what all those names mean.

The origin of the Oscar is both well-known and mysterious. First awarded in 1929, it was was known then as the Academy Award, named for the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences. There are conflicting stories of how it became known as the Oscar. The Academy’s executive secretary, Margaret Herrick, claimed that when she saw the statuette she thought it resembled her Uncle Oscar (actually her cousin, Oscar Pierce), and began calling it that. But actress Bette Davis maintained that she named the statue after her first husband, bandleader Harmon Oscar Nelson. The name remained unofficial until 1939, when the Academy officially adopted it.
 
The Tony Award, for excellence in the Broadway theatre, was established by the American Theatre Wing and named in honor of the organization’s co-founder, actor-director Antoinette (“Tony”) Perry, who died in 1946, the year before the first award was given.

Emmy Awards were first given in 1949 for TV shows produced in the Los Angeles area. They later became national in scope and are now administered by three separate but related television industry associations.  The first name proposed for the award in the early 1950s was the “Ike,” which was short for “iconoscope,” a tube used in television production.  But that term risked confusion with then President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was known as “Ike.” “Immy,” the common term for an “image orthicon tube,” used in early cameras, was chosen instead, and this was soon changed to the name “Emmy,” to match the feminine statuette that was given.

The first name proposed for the Grammy Award was the “Eddie,” for Thomas Alva Edison, inventor of the phonograph (which used a cylinder recording).  But the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, which gives the award, decided instead to name it for the gramophone, a German invention that was disc-based. The Gramophone Award, first given in 1958, was immediately shortened to “Grammy.”

These are regarded as the “Big Four” awards in entertainment, and only twelve artists are EGOTs—those who have won all four of them in competitive categories. They are: composer-musicians Richard Rodgers, Jonathan Tunick, Marvin Hamlisch, and Robert Lopez; actors Helen Hayes, Rita Moreno, John Gielgud, Audrey Hepburn, and Whoopi Goldberg; and producer-directors Mel Brooks, Mike Nichols, and Scott Rudin.

It will come as no surprise to learn that the Bard of Buffalo Bayou has not won any of these awards, or any others, for that matter. The reason will be obvious if you read the following:

            Oh, I crave no prize,
            Even one of great size,
            Made of gold that would glisten and flash.
            Such an honor, you see,
            Was not meant for me—
            I’d much rather just have the cash.

Nifty Swifties

Some of the best Tom Swifties I’ve ever seen were posted recently on Facebook. For those who may have forgotten, Tom Swift is the hero of a series of boy’s books, the first of which, Tom Swift and His Motor Cycle, was published in 1910. They were written by the pseudonymous “Victor Appleton,” actually publisher Edward Stratemeyer and several of his employees. The same group also published books about the Bobbsey Twins, the Rover Boys, the Hardy Boys, Uncle Wiggily, Don Sturdy, and Nancy Drew—all by Stratemeyer and his team using various noms de plume.   

The style of the Tom Swift books was noted for usinig adverbial modifiers for many of Tom’s statements, as: “….Tom said cheerfully” or “…Tom said eagerly.”  This practice gave rise in the 1920s to a type of pun called a “Tom Swifty.”

Here are some of the examples I just came across:

“I can’t believe I ate that whole pineapple,” Tom said dolefully.
“I dropped the toothpaste,” Tom said, crestfallen.
“That’s the last time I pet a lion,” Tom said offhandedly.
“I’ll dig another ditch around the castle,” Tom said remotely.
“We need a home-run hitter,” Tom said ruthlessly.
“I shouldn’t sleep on the railroad tracks,” Tom said, beside himself.

And a variant: “You call this a musical?” asked Les miserably.

Some other gems, which, incidentally, can be found in my book Puns, Puzzles & Wordplay (originally Words Gone Wild), still available at a greatly reduced price at amazon.com, are:

“Elvis is dead,” Tom said expressly.
“Your honor, you’re crazy,” Tom said judgmentally.
“I work in the prison cocktail bar,” Tom contended.

The Bard of Buffalo Bayou, in honor of this occasion, has resurrected one of his verses, which needed only a little resuscitation before showing signs of life:

           There once was a guy named Tom Swift,

           Whose 9-to-5 shift got short shrift.

               By noon he would lift

               Several pints—get my drift?               

           To show he was swift getting squiffed.

Milkshake Duck, Anyone?

The Oxford Dictionaries, publisher of the venerable Oxford English Dictionary, has chosen youthquake as its word of the year. I suppose I might as well confess that I have never seen or heard this word before—even though it was allegedly coined in the 1960s by none other than Diana Vreeland, editor of Vogue magazine. 

Youthquake’s self-evident definition is “significant cultural, political or social change arising from the actions of young people.” Its equally self-evident etymology is from the words youth and earthquake.

While I’m on the subject, I might as well also confess that the runner-up words that the Oxford editors considered are also, for the most part, equally unknown to me: Those words are antifa, broflake, newsjacking, white fragility, gorpcore, kompromat, Milkshake Duck, and unicorn. 

Okay, I know about the radical leftist antifa (or anti-fascist) movement, especially with respect to its agitation against Confederate monuments. And of course I’m familiar with unicorns—I see them all the time—although I gather the word must have some more contemporary meaning to have been selected by the Oxford folks. 

But broflake?  Gorpcore?  Milkshake duck?  These are total strangers to my vocabulary. Who on earth uses these terms and what in blue blazes do they mean?

Well, for the benefit of those few of you who are as ignorant as I am of modern slang, here’s a quick glossary.

Broflake – a notably macho male who is easily offended, especially by liberal social reform.

Newsjacking – the art of subtly twisting a news item into a commercial plug or an endorsement of a point of view.

White fragility – discomfort by a white person when confronted with facts about racial injustice

Gorpcore – fashion design influenced by outdoors style, such as fleecy jackets, fannypacks, puffy sleeves, etc.  “Gorp” is a kind of trail food composed of granola, oats, raisins, and peanuts.

Kompromat – from a Russian portmanteau word meaning “compromising material” – damaging information used for blackmail or negative publicity of a public figure. 

Milkshake duck –  an internet meme consisting of a duck who can drink a milkshake, but who is later revealed to be a racist.  It now refers to anyone with feet of clay—originally enthusiastically praised but later found to have an unsavory side.

Unicorn – in its current sense, any product (especially food or drink) marketed in rainbow colors or decorated with glittery effects.

The Bard of Buffalo Bayou and I are still trying to cope with the words of earlier years—like “swell,” “whoopee,” “the bees’ knees,” and “chuckaboo.”  Take that, Oxford Dictionaries!

            New words are a pain,
            They’re all so ephemeral.
            They just clutter my brain.
            I’d rather take Demerol.